Embracing High Functioning Autism Behaviors

Understanding High Functioning Autism

High functioning autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by differences in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Individuals with high functioning autism often exhibit unique characteristics that distinguish them from neurotypical individuals.

Definition and Characteristics

High functioning autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to individuals on the autism spectrum who have average or above-average intellectual abilities and minimal language impairments. They may excel in their field of interest and compensate for social and communication challenges. Some common characteristics of high functioning autism include:

• Challenges in social interactions: Individuals with high functioning autism may struggle with understanding social cues, nonverbal communication, and reciprocity in conversations. They may have difficulty initiating and maintaining relationships, making it challenging to navigate social situations [1].
• Communication differences: Speech difficulties, such as lack of rhythm, odd inflection, monotone pitch, or inappropriate volume, may be present in individuals with high functioning autism. These differences should not be misinterpreted as disrespect; rather, they are common characteristics of ASD. Additionally, individuals with high functioning autism may exhibit a tendency to engage in one-sided conversations, often inundating discussions with extensive knowledge about their specific interests.
• Sensory sensitivities: Many individuals with high functioning autism experience sensory sensitivities, either hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity, to different stimuli such as sound, touch, taste, or light. These sensitivities can significantly impact their daily lives and may contribute to difficulties in managing sensory overload.

Prevalence and Diagnosis

The prevalence of high functioning autism varies, but it is estimated that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States fall on the autism spectrum. It is important to note that high functioning autism often goes undiagnosed until adulthood due to individuals learning to mimic social behavior, potentially resulting in delayed diagnosis. Early diagnosis and intervention are key in supporting individuals with high functioning autism and helping them thrive.

Diagnosing high functioning autism involves a comprehensive evaluation conducted by healthcare professionals specializing in autism spectrum disorders. Various tools and criteria, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), are used to assess an individual's behavior, communication, and social interaction patterns. A thorough evaluation takes into account observations from multiple settings, interviews with caregivers, and may include cognitive and language assessments to determine the presence of high functioning autism.

Understanding the definition, characteristics, prevalence, and diagnostic process of high functioning autism is essential for promoting awareness, acceptance, and support for individuals with this unique neurodevelopmental condition. By recognizing and embracing the strengths and challenges associated with high functioning autism, we can create a more inclusive and accommodating environment for everyone.

Behavioral Patterns in High Functioning Autism

Individuals with high functioning autism exhibit distinct behavioral patterns that are characteristic of the condition. These patterns can impact various aspects of their daily lives, including social interactions, communication, and engagement in repetitive behaviors and routines.

Social Interaction Challenges

People with high functioning autism often experience difficulties with social interaction. They may find it challenging to understand and interpret social cues, making it difficult to naturally engage in conversations and form meaningful connections with others. This can lead to stress in social situations and a tendency to withdraw or shut down.

Additionally, individuals with high functioning autism may display limited eye contact and have difficulty with small talk. These challenges can make it harder for them to initiate and maintain social relationships, which can contribute to feelings of isolation and difficulty in social settings.

Communication Difficulties

Communication difficulties are another common feature of high functioning autism. While individuals with high functioning autism may have a better understanding of language compared to those with low functioning autism, they may exhibit language peculiarities. This can include using formal language instead of slang, possessing a rich vocabulary, and displaying odd word choices or phrasing.

These communication challenges can hinder effective communication and lead to misunderstandings. It's important for individuals interacting with someone with high functioning autism to be patient, use clear and concise language, and be mindful of potential differences in communication styles.

Repetitive Behaviors and Routines

Individuals with high functioning autism often exhibit repetitive behaviors and a strong adherence to routines. They may develop specific rituals or engage in repetitive activities that provide a sense of comfort and predictability. These behaviors can serve as a way to cope with anxiety and help regulate their environment.

While these repetitive behaviors and routines may seem unusual to others, they play an important role in providing structure and stability for individuals with high functioning autism. They can also help individuals with autism manage sensory sensitivities and navigate their daily lives more effectively.

Understanding the behavioral patterns associated with high functioning autism is crucial for promoting understanding and empathy. By recognizing and respecting these patterns, individuals with high functioning autism can receive the support and accommodations they need to thrive in various environments.

Sensory Sensitivities in High Functioning Autism

Individuals with high functioning autism may experience sensory sensitivities, which can have a significant impact on their daily lives. These sensitivities can manifest as hypersensitivity (over-responsiveness) or hyposensitivity (under-responsiveness) to various stimuli. It is common for individuals to have a combination of both hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity.

Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity

Hypersensitivity refers to an increased sensitivity to certain sensory inputs. Many individuals with autism experience hypersensitivity to bright lights, certain light wavelengths, sounds, smells, textures, and tastes. These hypersensitivities can lead to sensory avoidance behaviors, such as pulling away from physical touch or avoiding specific stimuli.

On the other hand, hyposensitivity is characterized by under-responsiveness to sensory stimuli. Autistic individuals with hyposensitivity may have a constant need for movement, difficulty recognizing sensations like hunger or pain, and an attraction to loud noises, bright lights, and vibrant colors.

Impact on Daily Life

Sensory sensitivities can significantly impact the daily lives of individuals with high functioning autism. Sensory overload can occur when intense sensory stimuli overwhelm an individual's ability to cope, resulting in symptoms such as intense anxiety, a need to escape the situation, or difficulty communicating. Autistic individuals may exhibit behaviors like withdrawal, distressed behavior, or meltdowns in response to sensory overload [5].

To manage sensory sensitivities, individuals may engage in stimming, which refers to self-stimulating behaviors aimed at regulating sensory input. Stimming can involve repetitive movements, such as hand-flapping or rocking, or sensory behaviors like touching certain textures or making sounds. These behaviors help individuals with autism keep their sensory systems in balance, stay calm, relieve stress, or block out uncomfortable sensory input.

Creating a sensory profile and making small changes to the environment can make a significant difference in mitigating the impact of sensory sensitivities. Understanding an individual's specific sensory differences and providing appropriate accommodations can help create a more comfortable and supportive environment.

Here are some examples of sensory differences and their impact on daily life:

Understanding and addressing sensory sensitivities in high functioning autism can greatly improve the well-being and quality of life for individuals on the autism spectrum. By creating a supportive environment and implementing appropriate accommodations, it is possible to help individuals thrive and navigate their daily lives more comfortably.

Strategies for Supporting Individuals with High Functioning Autism

When it comes to supporting individuals with high functioning autism, it is crucial to employ strategies and interventions that are evidence-based and tailored to their specific needs. These approaches can help promote their overall development and enhance their ability to navigate social interactions, communication, and daily routines.

Evidence-Based Practices

Educators and practitioners play a vital role in implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) to support individuals with high functioning autism. These practices have been shown to be effective in teaching appropriate behaviors and skills while decreasing inappropriate behaviors.

The National Professional Development Center (NPDC) on Autism Spectrum Disorder has identified 27 evidence-based practices for improving outcomes for individuals with autism. These practices cover a wide range of areas, including communication, social skills, and academic development. Educators and practitioners should consider the specific behaviors they aim to address when selecting an evidence-based practice. These behaviors should be discrete, directly observable, measurable, and clearly defined.

Baseline data should be collected before implementing a strategy or intervention. This data helps determine the initial level at which a behavior occurs. By comparing the baseline data with data collected after implementing the strategy, educators and practitioners can evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.

Individualized Interventions

Recognizing that each individual with high functioning autism is unique, interventions should be individualized to meet their specific needs. What works for one person may not work for others, so customization and careful consideration are essential.

For children and young people with autism spectrum disorder, play-based strategies involving parents, carers, and teachers have shown positive results. These interventions provide opportunities for learning, communication, and social interaction in a supportive and engaging environment, as recommended by the Autism spectrum disorder in under 19s NICE guidelines.

Employment support programs, structured leisure activities, and social skills training are recommended interventions for adults with autism spectrum disorder. These interventions can help individuals develop skills necessary for independent living and improve their overall quality of life, as per the Autism spectrum disorder in adults NICE guidelines [7].

It is important to note that certain biomedical interventions, such as secretin, hyperbaric oxygen, and chelation, have been ruled out by NICE guidelines for managing the core characteristics of autism. These interventions should never be used in any context, particularly emphasized in the guideline for children.

While evidence-based practices and individualized interventions provide valuable guidance, it is crucial to recognize the need for more scientific evidence to fully understand the effectiveness and impact of interventions for individuals with high functioning autism. By continuing research and promoting informed decision-making, individuals and their families can make choices that best suit their unique circumstances [7].

Communication Tips for Interacting with High Functioning Autism

When engaging with individuals with high functioning autism, employing effective communication strategies is essential to foster understanding and create a supportive environment. Here are two key tips for enhancing communication with individuals on the autism spectrum:

Clear and Concise Communication

Using clear and concise language is crucial when communicating with individuals with high functioning autism. It is important to avoid idioms, metaphors, and figurative speech, as these can be confusing and may hinder comprehension. Instead, provide information in a straightforward and literal manner to aid understanding and reduce anxiety for the individual.

By prioritizing clarity and simplicity, you can enhance communication and create a more inclusive environment. Give individuals the time they need to process information and use direct language to convey your message effectively. This approach helps to ensure that the information is understood and reduces the risk of misunderstandings.

Structured and Predictable Interactions

Communication with individuals with high functioning autism should be structured and predictable. Establishing routines, providing clear expectations, and utilizing visual aids or written schedules can be beneficial strategies to enhance communication and understanding. By implementing structure and predictability, you create a sense of security and reduce anxiety for individuals with high functioning autism.

Visual supports, such as visual schedules or social stories, can also be effective in facilitating understanding and promoting independence. These visual aids provide individuals with a clear understanding of what to expect and can help them navigate social interactions more easily. By incorporating structure and visual supports, you can enhance communication and reduce potential challenges in interactions.

When communicating with individuals with high functioning autism, remember to actively listen and ask questions for clarification. Active listening shows that you are fully engaged in the conversation and value their thoughts and opinions. Asking questions for clarification helps to avoid misunderstandings and fosters a more productive and meaningful exchange.

It's important to remember that individuals with high functioning autism may require additional time to process information and formulate their responses. Be patient and give them the necessary time and space. Rushing or pressuring them for an immediate response can lead to anxiety and hinder their ability to express themselves effectively.

By implementing clear and concise communication strategies, as well as providing structured and predictable interactions, you can create a supportive and inclusive environment that facilitates effective communication with individuals with high functioning autism.

Challenges and Successes in High Functioning Autism

Individuals with high functioning autism face unique challenges in various aspects of their lives. However, with the right support and understanding, they can also achieve significant successes. In this section, we will explore two key areas: education and employment, as well as emotional sensitivity and coping strategies.

Education and Employment

People with high functioning autism may encounter difficulties in traditional educational settings due to challenges in social skills, communication, and behavior management. However, when provided with appropriate accommodations and support, many individuals excel in their fields of interest.

In 2021, the unemployment rate among adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was as high as 85%, indicating the barriers faced by individuals with this condition in finding and maintaining employment. Job interviews, which often rely heavily on social interactions and communication skills, can be particularly challenging for individuals with high functioning autism. However, it's crucial to recognize that their unique perspectives and abilities can contribute positively to the workplace.

Despite these challenges, many individuals with high functioning autism have succeeded in their careers. Temple Grandin, a prominent advocate and speaker, serves as an exemplary figure, demonstrating that individuals with ASD can thrive professionally when given the opportunity.

With appropriate accommodations, such as clear expectations, structured routines, and opportunities for skill development, individuals with high functioning autism can make valuable contributions in the workplace. Employers can play a crucial role by fostering an inclusive environment that embraces neurodiversity and provides support for individuals with high functioning autism.

Emotional Sensitivity and Coping Strategies

Emotional sensitivity is a common characteristic of high functioning autism. Individuals may experience heightened emotional responses to different stimuli, leading to challenges in regulating their emotions. This sensitivity can contribute to feelings of isolation and being misunderstood.

Developing effective coping strategies is essential for individuals with high functioning autism to navigate and manage their emotions. These strategies can include:

• Self-awareness: Encouraging individuals to identify and understand their emotions can help them recognize triggers and develop appropriate responses.
• Sensory regulation: Implementing sensory modulation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises or engaging in calming activities, can assist in managing emotional reactions.
• Social support: Building a strong support network of family, friends, and professionals who understand and validate their experiences can provide invaluable emotional support.
• Therapeutic interventions: Participating in therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or social skills training, can help individuals develop effective coping mechanisms and improve emotional regulation.

By recognizing and addressing emotional sensitivity, individuals with high functioning autism can enhance their overall well-being and lead fulfilling lives.

Understanding the challenges faced by individuals with high functioning autism is crucial for creating supportive environments that foster their successes. Education and employment opportunities that accommodate their unique needs, along with strategies for emotional regulation, can empower individuals with high functioning autism to thrive and contribute their talents to society.

References

• ‍https://www.drnancymusarra.com/how-to-talk-to-someone-with-high-functioning-autism/
• ‍https://www.integrityinc.org/signs-and-symptoms-of-high-functioning-autism/
• ‍https://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/high-functioning-autism
• ‍https://www.autismspeaks.org/sensory-issues
• ‍https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/topics/sensory-differences/sensory-differences/all-audiences
• ‍https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/asd2/cresource/q1/p02/
• ‍https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/topics/strategies-and-interventions
• ‍https://www.brighterstridesaba.com/blog/talk-to-someone-with-high-functioning-autism/